UNIT – I : The laboratory – Introduction – Basic laboratory principles and procedure – types – standardized clinical laboratory set up – lab accidents, laboratory safety - universal work precautions (UWP) – preparation and cleaning of glasswares. Sterilization – principles and methods. Quality control in sterilization. Testing of disinfectants.
• https://biocyclopedia.com/index/chem_lab_methods/basic_principles.php
• https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/Practical_Guide_to_Basic_Lab_Techniques.pdf
• https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2015/04/basic-laboratory-principles-and-procedure-assignment-and-project-of-chemistry.html?spref=bl
• https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/publication/sciencelaboratorymanuals/classXI/chemistry/kelm202.pdf
• https://www.uth.edu/safety/chemical-safety/universal-precautions.htm
• https://shp.utmb.edu/ClinicalLaboratorySciences/docs/basic_lab_safety.pdf
• https://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/64-washing-and-cleaning-laboratory-glassware#:~:text=To%20prepare%20a%20chromic%20acid,it%20turns%20green%20in%20color.
• https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/introduction.html
• file:///C:/Users/Staff/Downloads/Lesson-04.pdf
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UNIT – II : Culture media – preparation and types – Inoculation methods – anaerobic cultivation methods Preservation of cultures – Stains and staining techniques – Identification of Bacteria – Biochemical tests – Antibiotic sensitivity test
• https://www.aladdin-e.com/up_files/docs/Types%20of%20culture%20media%20used%20in%20microbiology.pdf
• https://microbiologyonline.org/teachers/preparation-of-media-and-cultures
• https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/microorganisms/inoculation-definition-microbiology/
• https://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/anaerobic-culture-methods
• http://www.ndvsu.org/images/StudyMaterials/Micro/Stains---staining.pdf
• https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/microbiology/microscopy/staining-techniques
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/methods-of-classifying-and-identifying-microorganisms/#:~:text=When%20identifying%20bacteria%20in%20the,it%20is%20intra%2D%20or%20extracellular.
• https://www.uwyo.edu/molb2210_lab/info/biochemical_tests.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing
• https://www.sas.upenn.edu/LabManuals/biol275/Table_of_Contents_files/10-Antibiotics-New.pdf
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UNIT – III : Immunohaematology – Introduction – Blood – Composition – Component preparation – Anticogulants – Complete Blood Count (CBC) – ABO and Rh Blood group systems – Blood grouping and Rh Blood – Compatibility testing, transfusion reactions, Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn.
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270005600_Overview_of_blood_components_and_their_preparation
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260297/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant#:~:text=Anticoagulants%2C%20commonly%20known%20as%20blood,blood%2C%20prolonging%20the%20clotting%20time.
• https://patient.info/heart-health/anticoagulants
• https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-types-what-to-know#1
• https://www.rmlonline.com/site/sections/87
• https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml?docId=hw3681
• https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001298.htm
• https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02368
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UNIT – IV : Collection and examination of clinical specimens – Urine, Blood, Faeces and CSF. Concentration techniques in stool. Examination of blood smears for malaria. Laboratory methods of diagnosing fungal infection – Microscopy – KOH and LCB mount – Cultivation methods and staining
• https://www.testmenu.com/UHElyriaMedicalCenter/TestDirectory/SiteFile?fileName=sidebar%5CLaboratoryGeneralSpecimenCollectionandHandling3.pdf
• https://www.nhrmc.org/healthcare-professionals/laboratory/specimen-collection/collection-transportation-microbiology-specimens
• https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/assessment-skills/specimen-collection-1-general-principles-and-procedure-for-obtaining-a-midstream-urine-specimen-12-06-2017/
• https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/blood/specimenproc.html
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688806/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968782/#:~:text=Diagnosis%20of%20fungal%20infection%20has,levels%20of%20specific%20mycology%20training.
• http://yengage.yenepoya.edu.in/idata/YenepoyaUniversity/ilFile/2/50/file_25072/001/Jc%20by%20Sacidanand%20on%2019-10-15,%20Lab%20diagnosis%20of%20fungal%20infns.pdf
• https://microbeonline.com/koh-preparation-test-principle-procedure-results-uses/
• https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/suny-microbiology-lab/chapter/differential-staining-techniques/
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UNIT – V : Antigen – antibody reaction – general principles and their application – diagnosis of infectious diseases, precipitation, agglutination, immnuofluoresence, immunoelectrophoresis, RIA , ELISA, HAT, immuno blot technique – western blot.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007668798070040X#:~:text=The%20antibody%20formed%20is%20generally,antibodies%20regardless%20of%20their%20specificity.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007668798070040X
• https://www.slideshare.net/Haddies/antigen-and-antibody-reaction
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/diagnostic-immunology/
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/diagnostic-immunology/
• https://www.sinobiological.com/category/principle-of-if#:~:text=Immunofluorescence%20is%20an%20assay%20which,samples%20include%20tissue%20and%20cells.
• https://microbenotes.com/immunoelectrophoresis-principle-procedure-results-and-applications-advantages-and-limitations/#:~:text=Immunoelectrophoresis%20refers%20to%20precipitation%20in,tested%20by%20double%20immuno%2Ddiffusion.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioimmunoassay#:~:text=A%20radioimmunoassay%20(RIA)%20is%20an,blood)%20by%20use%20of%20antibodies.
• https://www.antibodies-online.com/resources/17/1215/radioimmunoassay-ria/
• https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-elisa.html#:~:text=ELISA%20(enzyme%2Dlinked%20immunosorbent%20assay)%20is%20a%20plate%2D,to%20describe%20the%20same%20technology.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_blot#:~:text=The%20western%20blot%20(sometimes%20called,denaturation%2C%20followed%20by%20gel%20electrophoresis.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3456489/
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