Vivekanandha
College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous)
'A+' Grade by NAAC || ISO 9001:2015 Certified
DST-FIST & DST-PG CURIE Sponsored
Approved by UGC Act 1956 under Section 2(f)&12(B) and AICTE
Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem
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E-CONTENT OF PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
| Subject Code: 19P4BO10 Subject Name: Instrumentation Techniques |
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| UNIT – I - Spectroscopy- Principle, components and working mechanism of Colorimeter, UV and Visible Spectrophotometer. Principle, working mechanism and applications of Flame photometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (NMR). • https://www.slideshare.net/ashwinisomayaji7/instrumentation-of-uvvisible-spectrophotometry • https://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/ajaber/uploads/CHEM%20540-061-Atomic%20Absorption%20Spectroscopy.pdf • https://byjus.com/chemistry/nmr-spectroscopy |
| UNIT – II - Centrifugation – Principles, types of centrifuges- low speed, high speed and ultra centrifuges - preparative and analytical centrifuges. Types of centrifugation- Differential centrifugation and Density gradient centrifugation– operations and uses. Chromatography – basic principles and types – Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Ion – exchange Chromatography, Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. • https://microbenotes.com/centrifuge-and-centrifugation/ • https://microbenotes.com/ion-exchange-chromatography • https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/gas-chromatography-how-a-gas-chromatography-machine-works-how-to-read-a-chromatograph-and-gcxgc-335168#:~:text=Gas%20chromatography%20(GC)%20is%20an,usually%20organic%20molecules%20or%20gases • https://microbenotes.com/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc/ |
| UNIT –III - Basic principles, types of electrodes, working mechanism, standardization of pH meter and measurement of pH. Electrophoresis – Principles and types- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, SDS - PAGE. Isoelectric focusing- principles and applications. • https://microbenotes.com/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc/ • https://electricalfundablog.com/ph-measurement-working-principle-applications/ • https://microbenotes.com/agarose-gel-electrophoresis/ • https://ruo.mbl.co.jp/bio/e/support/method/sds-page.html |
| UNIT – IV - Radiation dosimetry- Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes - Effects of radiation on biological system– G.M. counter and Scintillation counter – Autoradiography and Application of tracer technique in Biology. Photomicrography: Digital camera types – shutter speed – aperture – depth of field- digital imaging, transfer of digital signals to computer. • http://www.radiation-dosimetry.org/ • https://www.studyandscore.com/studymaterial-detail/geiger-muller-counter-construction-principle-working-plateau-graph-and-applications • https://instrumentationtools.com/scintillation-counter-principle/ • https://www.med.unc.edu/microscopy/files/2018/06/lm-ch-14-photomicrography.pdf |
| UNIT – V - Basic principles, components, working mechanism and biological applications of PCR, Gel Docking, Homogenizer, Sonicator, Rotary Evaporator and Lyophilizer. • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/biotechnology/a/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr • https://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/cell-fractionation-extraction-homogenization-and-centrifugation/5848 • https://www.rotovap.cn/rotary-evaporator/1249.html |
| Subject Code: 19P4BOE04 Subject Name: Research Methodology |
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| UNIT – I - Research - Introduction, Basic concepts and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical); Research formulation - Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem. Research process- steps - Data collection methods - Primary data and Secondary data. • https://www.slideshare.net/Aaashishsahu/types-of-research-31972722 • http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/41939/1/Unit-4.pdf • https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-research-process/ |
| UNIT – II - Literature – various source - Books, Research articles, short communication and e-resources. Structure of literature - thesis and research article. Review of Literature - Review - Importance in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review; Manuscript Preparation for publication and proof correction. Research proposal – Aim and scope, Structure and components, National and International funding sources. • https://guides.lib.uoguelph.ca/c.php?g=130964&p=5000948 • https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview • https://theintactone.com/2019/03/03/brm-u1-topic-10-research-proposal-element-of-research-proposal/ |
| UNIT – III - Dissertation and Thesis – Introduction, components in preparation and the presentation of research findings in seminars and workshops - importance. Journals - Types - research journals, review journals and e-journals. Preparation of index cards: Author index and subject index; Open source bibliography management system. Plagiarism. Impact factor, Citation Index, NCBI-Pub Med, open access initiative, INFLIBNET, INSDOC. • https://www.scribbr.com/category/dissertation/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_card • https://vikaspedia.in/education/interactive-resources/information-and-library-network-inflibnet-centre-gandhinagar |
| UNIT – IV - Data- Classification of study design, Exploration and presentation of data, Sampling: Reasons and methods. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Data: Tests of significance - estimation -testing of hypothesis -t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection) and Z-test. Hypothesis -Null and alternate hypothesis and testing of hypothesis -Theory, Principle, Law and Canon, Types of errors and P-values. • https://www.slideshare.net/DrLipilekhaPatnaik/study-designs-131584639 • https://bookdown.org/jhvdz1/dataanalytics/data-analysis-t-tests-and-chi-square-tests. html • https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/null_hypothesis.asp#:~:text=A%20null%20hypothesis%20is%20a,game%20of%20chance%20is%20fair |
| UNIT – V - ANOVA –one way and two way. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Predicting categorical outcomes –logistic regression, discriminant analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, Comparing two regression lines, Dealing with nonlinear observation, Comparing correlation and regression. • https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/anova/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient • https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-correlation-and-regression.html |